??? ????? ????? ?? ?????

???? ????? ??????

????? ????? (?? ????? ?????) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? (???? ???? ????? ?? ?????) ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? (??????).

???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? (?? ??????) ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????¹.

?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????.

????? ?? ????? ?????

?????? ?????²

????? ????? ????????? ??????:

??? ????? A ?B ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.

?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????

????? ????? “A” ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? “B”.

??? ????? “B” ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? (????? ?????)? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? “A” ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????.

?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????.

???? ???: ?????? ????????? ??????:

????????? ?????: ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????

????????? ??????: ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????

?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????:

???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.

???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????.

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????:

????? ????? ?? ?????

????? ????? ???? ????? (??? ????? ????? ?? ????) ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? (??? ????).

????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? (??? ???? ?????)? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ???.

????? ????? ?? ?????

??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????.

???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????????:

???????? ??? ??????: ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? “???????? ??? ??????” (redshift).

???????? ??????: ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????.

????? ??? ???? “???????? ??????” (blueshift).

?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????:

• ?? ???? ???? ?????: ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? (??? ?????? ?? ?????). ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????.
• ?????? ???????: ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? 300 ??? ??????? ?? ???????.
• ????????? ???????: ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

????? ????? ?? ?????

???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ??????? ???????:

• ???????? ??? ??????: ??? ??? ???? ????? (??? ???) ????? ?????? ?? ??????? (????? ??? ?????)? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????.
• ???????? ??????: ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????.

?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????.

?????? ??????? ????????:

???? ?????? ??????? ???????? (??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????) ???????? ????? ?????.

????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????.

????? ???? ?????:

??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????.

????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????:

• ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????.
• ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????.
• ?????? ???? “Kepler-186f” ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
• ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????.

????? ????? ?????

????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????:

f' = f (V +/- Vm) / (V +/- Vs)

???:

• f' ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
• f ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
• V ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? (??? ???? ????? ?? ??????)
• Vm ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? (??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????)
• Vs ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? (??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????)

??????? +/-:

• +: ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????.
• –: ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????:

• ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.
• ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????.

???????

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect ↩︎
2. https://byjus.com/physics/doppler-effect/ ↩︎